Coffee for Individuals with Histamine Intolerance and MCAS

Introduction to Specialty Coffee, Histamine Intolerance and MCAS

For coffee enthusiasts, indulging in a freshly brewed cup of specialty coffee is an exquisite experience. However, for those with histamine intolerance or Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), this delight might be overshadowed by concerns about potential adverse reactions.

In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the scientific realm to explore whether individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS can enjoy high-quality specialty grade coffee. We will discuss the differences between these conditions, their prevalence, and whether the quality of coffee matters for sensitive individuals.

What Are Mast Cells? Understanding Their Role in Histamine Intolerance and MCAS

To understand histamine intolerance and MCAS, we must first discuss mast cells. Mast cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system. They are primarily found in tissues throughout the body, especially in areas exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, lungs, and digestive tract. These cells are integral to both the innate and adaptive immune responses, helping the body respond to various threats.

One of the defining features of mast cells is their granules, which are packed with histamine and other chemicals. These granules are released during allergic reactions and inflammatory processes. When mast cells are activated by allergens, pathogens, or other stimuli, they degranulate, releasing their contents (including histamine) into the surrounding tissue. This release mediates immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as those seen in allergies.

In addition to their role in allergic reactions, mast cells contribute to the body's defense mechanisms against infections and other threats. Their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes makes them central to understanding conditions like Histamine Intolerance and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS). Understanding the function and behavior of mast cells is essential for diagnosing and treating these conditions effectively.

What Are Histamines and How Do They Affect Your Health?

Histamines are chemicals derived from the amino acid histidine that play a crucial role in the immune system and act as neurotransmitters in the brain. They are stored in cells like mast cells and basophils and are released in response to injury, infection, or exposure to allergens.

When you encounter something your body perceives as harmful, like an allergen (antigen), histamines are released. This triggers an inflammatory response, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, itching, a runny nose, watery eyes, and swelling. These symptoms are part of your body's effort to eliminate the allergen and protect you from potential harm.

Histamines also play a role in regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as chemical messengers in the brain. They influence your sleep-wake cycle, appetite, and cognitive functions.

However, if your body releases too much histamine or cannot break it down properly due to enzyme deficiencies (such as a lack of diamine oxidase), it can lead to discomfort or allergic reactions.

Understanding histamines is key to knowing why certain allergic reactions occur and how to manage them. For individuals with histamine intolerance or conditions like Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), managing histamine levels through diet, medication, and lifestyle adjustments is crucial to maintaining health and well-being.

Histamine Intolerance vs. Allergies: Understanding the Difference

Though often confused, histamine intolerance differs from traditional allergies in that it’s not a reaction to a specific allergen but rather an inability to metabolize excess histamine. This intolerance occurs when enzymes like Diamine Oxidase (DAO), as briefly mentioned above, and N-methyltransferase (HNMT) are deficient or underactive, causing histamine to accumulate and trigger symptoms like headaches, hives, and digestive discomfort.

In contrast, allergies involve an immune response to external substances. Our commitment to low-histamine, specialty-grade coffee is aimed at helping those with histamine intolerance avoid unnecessary histamine exposure while still enjoying their coffee ritual.

Understanding the nuances between histamine intolerance and allergies is critical, especially as we move to explore the distinct yet sometimes overlapping nature of histamine intolerance and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS).

What Is the Difference Between Histamine Intolerance and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS)?

Histamine intolerance and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) are two distinct conditions with different mechanisms and manifestations. Although both conditions can cause adverse reactions, they are separate issues as explained below.

Histamine Intolerance 

Histamine intolerance occurs when the body has difficulty breaking down histamine, leading to an accumulation of this compound in the bloodstream. This can result in a wide range of symptoms, including:

• Headaches or Migraines: Persistent headaches or severe migraines can be a sign of histamine intolerance.

• Nasal Congestion or Sinus Issues: Symptoms may include a stuffy nose, sneezing, or sinus pressure.

• Fatigue and Tiredness: Constant feelings of fatigue or tiredness can be indicative of histamine issues.

• Hives or Skin Rashes: Skin reactions such as hives, eczema, or other rashes are common.

• Itching or Flushing of the Skin: Itchy skin or sudden redness/flushing can occur.

• Digestive Issues: Symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and stomach cramps often arise after consuming histamine-rich foods.

• Nausea and Vomiting: Some individuals may experience nausea or vomiting.

• Low Blood Pressure: Episodes of low blood pressure, leading to dizziness or fainting, can be a symptom.

• Irregular Heartbeats or Palpitations: Heart palpitations or irregular heart rhythms might be present.

• Anxiety or Panic Attacks: Increased anxiety or unexpected panic attacks can be related to histamine levels.

• Difficulty Falling Asleep or Disturbed Sleep: Insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns are also common.

• Dizziness or Vertigo: Feelings of dizziness or vertigo can occur.

• Menstrual Irregularities in Women: Histamine intolerance can cause irregular menstrual cycles or exacerbate menstrual symptoms.

As previously mentioned, histamine intolerance can result from an imbalance between histamine and the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) that breaks it down. Symptoms may vary depending on the individual and the amount of histamine consumed.

Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) 

In contrast, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) involves the inappropriate release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells, causing a systemic response. Symptoms of MCAS include:

• Skin Rashes, Hives, and Itching

• Flushing or Redness of the Skin

• Swelling, Particularly of the Face, Lips, and Throat

• Abdominal Pain, Cramping, Nausea, and Vomiting

• Diarrhea or Constipation

• Fatigue and General Malaise

• Headaches and Migraines

• Cognitive Difficulties, such as Brain Fog and Memory Issues

• Shortness of Breath and Wheezing

• Palpitations or Irregular Heartbeats

• Low Blood Pressure or Dizziness

• Muscle and Joint Pain

• Sensitivity to Temperature Changes

• Anxiety and Mood Swings

• Anaphylaxis in Severe Cases

These symptoms can vary widely in severity and may fluctuate over time.

It is important to distinguish between the two conditions, as the triggers and treatment approaches may differ. Individuals with histamine intolerance struggle with histamine-rich foods, while those with MCAS might experience many symptoms triggered by various stimuli, including stress, exercise, and certain foods.

What Is the Prevalence of Histamine Intolerance and MCAS: Key Facts and Statistics?

Histamine intolerance and MCAS are often underdiagnosed, and the exact prevalence of these conditions is not fully established. However, research suggests that histamine intolerance affects approximately 1% of the global population, although the actual numbers might be higher due to underreporting and misdiagnoses. Approximately 80% of those diagnosed with this condition are middle-aged [1]. 

MCAS is a rarer condition, and reliable prevalence data is even scarcer. Estimates indicate that MCAS affects around 17 out of every 100,000 individuals. However, a study published in the journal Diagnosis from the Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine (SIDM) suggests the prevalence of MCAS could be as high as 17%. Nevertheless, the prevalence of both conditions might vary based on factors such as genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.

Histamine Levels in Coffee: Does Quality Matter?

Coffee is a complex beverage containing a variety of compounds, including histamine, and not all coffee is created equal—particularly when it comes to histamine content.

Specialty-grade coffee, which represents only about 20-30% of global coffee production, adheres to stringent quality standards, including hand-picking and meticulous grading to eliminate defective beans known for higher histamine levels. In contrast, commodity coffee often includes defective beans that contain elevated histamine and other amines due to substandard handling and storage.

The roasting process itself tends to decrease histamine levels in coffee beans. As a result, specialty-grade coffee, typically made from high-quality beans and carefully roasted, may have a lower histamine content than lower-grade, mass-produced commodity coffee often found on grocery store shelves.

Research on the connection between coffee and histamine levels, although somewhat limited, consistently underscores the significance of coffee quality and bean ripeness in determining histamine content. Notably, within the realm of specialty-grade coffee, histamine in green coffee beans, roasted beans, and coffee beverages tends to be either undetectable or present in very low concentrations.

However, it’s essential to note that even these minimal levels of histamine may still trigger reactions in highly sensitive individuals or those already managing a heightened amine load.

Why Coffee May Trigger MCAS and Histamine Intolerance

Building on the importance of coffee quality, it's helpful to delve deeper into why coffee may contribute to reactions associated with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) and Histamine Intolerance. This involves examining other compounds and potential toxins within coffee that may exacerbate these conditions.

1. Caffeine's Role
Caffeine is a well-known stimulant that can worsen symptoms of MCAS and Histamine Intolerance. By triggering the release of adrenaline and other neurotransmitters, caffeine can overstimulate the nervous system, which may, in turn, activate mast cells—a key factor in MCAS. These activated mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, potentially intensifying symptoms for sensitive individuals.

2. Mycotoxins in Coffee
Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by mold, are another concern for people with MCAS and Histamine Intolerance. Coffee beans, especially those improperly handled or stored in humid environments, can harbor mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A and aflatoxins. These toxins have been linked to adverse health effects, including triggering inflammatory responses and promoting histamine release.

3. The 1,000+ Known Compounds in Coffee
Coffee is one of the most chemically complex foods, containing over 1,000 known compounds. While many of these are harmless, some may be problematic for individuals with MCAS or Histamine Intolerance. Whether naturally occurring in the plant or introduced during processing, some compounds may provoke inflammation, exacerbate histamine reactions, or lead to other negative health effects. The specific impact varies based on individual sensitivities.

4. The Importance of Organic Cultivation and Careful Handling
Organic coffee cultivation and careful handling are essential for minimizing mycotoxin contamination. Conventional coffee farming may involve pesticides, fungicides, and other chemicals, which can add to the toxic load. Organic farming methods, which avoid synthetic inputs, combined with careful storage and transport practices, significantly reduce the risk of mycotoxins like ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.

5. Roasting and Mycotoxin Reduction
The roasting process is pivotal in reducing mycotoxins in coffee beans. Although roasting cannot eliminate all toxins, proper roasting—like the methods used by specialty coffee roasters—helps to significantly lower mycotoxin levels. Higher temperatures and longer roasting times can degrade these harmful compounds more effectively, contributing to a safer coffee experience for consumers with sensitivities.

By choosing organic, high-quality, and carefully roasted coffee, individuals may reduce exposure to the compounds that exacerbate MCAS and Histamine Intolerance. Nevertheless, those with sensitivities should remain vigilant, as even small amounts of these compounds may still provoke reactions.

To provide a clearer understanding of how coffee may impact these conditions, we’ve included a quick refresher video below. This video explores the nuances of histamine intolerance and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) and how coffee, despite its benefits, might influence those with these sensitivities.

Disclaimer: The information in this video is intended for general informational purposes only and should not be considered as medical advice. If you have histamine intolerance, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), or any other health condition, please consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your diet or trying new coffee products. Our coffee options are crafted with care, but individual reactions can vary. Always prioritize your health and well-being.

Processing Methods and Impact on Histamine Levels

The way coffee is processed—from harvesting to drying—directly impacts its chemical profile, including histamine levels. Coffee is typically processed through natural, washed, or semi-washed methods, each bringing unique characteristics to the final bean. Naturally processed coffees may contain higher histamine levels due to prolonged contact with the cherry pulp, which can encourage fermentation. In contrast, washed processing minimizes microbial activity, resulting in a cleaner bean with potentially lower histamine levels.

At General Warfield’s Coffee, we prioritize controlled, safe dry and wet processing methods (depending on the roast) to ensure that each bean is handled with care, reducing the risk of histamine-related compounds while enhancing flavor purity and consistency.

Our meticulous processing of coffee cherries is one of the first essential steps in minimizing histamine levels and limiting mycotoxin growth. This focus on quality from the start supports the next phase of our journey: stringent quality control measures taken once our beans reach our FDA-registered and approved facility, where the transformation from seed to cup is completed.

Quality Control and Mycotoxin Prevention: Why It Matters

At General Warfield’s Coffee, quality control is paramount to ensure that each batch meets the highest standards for purity and safety. Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by mold during improper storage, can impact coffee quality and potentially cause health issues related to inflammation and histamine release, as previously discussed. To recap, these include ochratoxins and aflatoxins, known to pose risks ranging from kidney damage to immune responses.

By sourcing only specialty-grade coffee beans—with many of our roasts being Fair-Trade and USDA Organic certified—we minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Our rigorous roasting and small-batch processing in a state-of-the-art facility also help to reduce harmful substances, safeguarding both flavor and health for our customers.

These quality control measures play a key role in providing a safe and enjoyable coffee experience. Now, let’s delve into how different brewing methods may further impact histamine content in your favorite cup.

Do Brewing Methods Affect Histamine Content in Coffee?

The method of brewing coffee can also influence its histamine content [2]. Some brewing methods, such as espresso and French press, extract more compounds from the coffee grounds, potentially including histamine. On the other hand, drip brewing and pour-over methods might result in lower histamine levels due to the use of filters that trap certain compounds.

A research study conducted at a renowned coffee institute investigated histamine levels in coffee prepared using various brewing techniques. The results indicated that espresso and French press coffee had higher histamine concentrations compared to drip-brewed coffee. This suggests that individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS may want to opt for drip-brewed specialty coffee to minimize histamine intake.

Cold Brewing and Safety for Histamine Intolerance

Cold brewing offers a smoother, low-acid coffee that is often gentler on the digestive system, a benefit for those with histamine intolerance. However, cold brewing at ambient temperatures can also introduce food safety concerns, as yeast and bacteria can thrive between 40º and 140ºF. To minimize these risks, it’s best to cold brew in the refrigerator, limiting potential microbial growth.

Once brewed, store the concentrate for no more than a week, and clean all equipment thoroughly to avoid contamination. These steps help ensure a safer, smoother cold brew for histamine-sensitive coffee enthusiasts.

For the highest quality specialty grade coffee possible, check out our Fair Trade and Organic certified General Warfield's Peruvian and Ugandan whole bean roasts by clicking here, or the image below:

What Do Our Customers with Histamine Intolerance Have to Say About General Warfield’s Coffee?

The quotes below reflect the views of several of our customers who are willing to share their experiences with our Fair-Trade and USDA Organic certified Whole Bean Peruvian roast coffee and the symptoms of histamine intolerance they experience:

"As someone with histamine intolerance, finding a coffee that doesn’t trigger my symptoms has been challenging. General Warfield’s Organic Peruvian roast is a game-changer. The smooth, rich flavor and low acidity are perfect for my needs. Ethical and sustainable practices make it even better. This coffee has become my go-to, offering a delightful experience without any discomfort. I highly recommend for those with similar dietary needs or anyone who loves exceptional coffee." - John

"With my histamine intolerance, General Warfield's Organic Peruvian and Ugandan Coffees are the only coffees I can enjoy without worry. They're a true blessing!" - Becky

"Having histamine intolerance made it difficult to enjoy coffee until I discovered General Warfield's Organic Peruvian roast. It's smooth, delicious, and gentle on my system. I can finally drink a cup of coffee without any issues. Awesome coffee!" - Andres

What Are the Other Compounds in Coffee and How Do They Impact Health?

While histamine content is an essential consideration for those with histamine intolerance or MCAS, it is not the only factor influencing potential reactions to coffee. Coffee contains other biologically active compounds that could contribute to sensitivity. Caffeine, for instance, is a stimulant that may exacerbate symptoms in some individuals, particularly those with MCAS who are sensitive to additional triggers.

Another key compound in coffee is chlorogenic acid, an antioxidant linked to numerous health benefits but also known to affect digestive comfort for some. An online study published by NIH's National Library of Medicine suggests that individuals who experience digestive issues might be sensitive to some of these compounds [3]. Fortunately, specialty coffee often contains lower levels of chlorogenic acids due to careful processing and roasting, offering a gentler option for sensitive individuals. 

Now, let's discuss the role of chlorogenic acid found in coffee and its impact on digestive sensitivities in more detail below. 

Understanding Chlorogenic Acids in Coffee and Digestive Sensitivities

As previously mentioned, chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are powerful antioxidants naturally found in coffee, known for health benefits like reducing inflammation and promoting heart health. However, for individuals with histamine intolerance or sensitive stomachs, CGAs might contribute to gastrointestinal discomfort, as they can increase acidity.

Specialty-grade coffee like ours tends to contain lower CGA levels due to meticulous high-altitude sourcing and controlled roasting processes that reduce acidity while preserving beneficial antioxidants. This makes General Warfield’s coffee an ideal option for those seeking the health perks of coffee without compromising digestive comfort.

Biogenic Amines in Coffee: Beyond Histamine

While histamine is often discussed in relation to MCAS and histamine intolerance, coffee can contain other biogenic amines like putrescine and  cadaverine. These compounds, naturally formed through amino acid decarboxylation in plants, may exacerbate histamine-related symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Specialty-grade coffees, with their rigorous quality control from farm to cup, generally contain lower levels of these amines. This reduction is achieved by carefully sorting out defective beans, which are more prevalent in lower-grade coffees and tend to carry higher concentrations of amines. Choosing high-quality specialty coffee reduces exposure to these compounds, helping those with histamine sensitivities enjoy a flavorful cup with peace of mind.

Factors Beyond Coffee: Understanding Individual Sensitivities and Triggers

While the histamine content and quality of coffee are vital aspects to consider, it is essential to remember that individual sensitivities and triggers can vary significantly. Some individuals may find that they can tolerate high-quality specialty coffee without any issues, while others might experience adverse reactions even to the finest beans.

The best approach for individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS is to conduct a thorough self-assessment and possibly seek the guidance of a healthcare professional. An elimination diet can help identify specific triggers, and individuals can experiment with different coffee varieties and preparation methods to find what suits them best.

Decaffeinated Options: Swiss Processed Decaf Coffee

For individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS, sensitivity to caffeine can be a significant concern. In such cases, decaffeinated coffee can be a more suitable alternative. One of the best options is Swiss Water Process™ Decaf coffee, which is decaffeinated using a water-based method that avoids the use of chemicals.

This process preserves the natural flavors of the coffee while removing caffeine using a 100% chemical-free caffeine extraction method, making it a gentler choice for sensitive individuals. By choosing Swiss Water Process™ Decaf coffee, those with histamine intolerance or MCAS may be able to enjoy their coffee without triggering symptoms, compared to traditional decaffeinated coffees that use chemical solvents.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the question of whether individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS can enjoy high-quality specialty grade coffee requires a nuanced understanding of the conditions, coffee composition, and individual sensitivities. Scientific evidence suggests that specialty coffee may have lower histamine levels than lower-grade coffee, making it potentially more tolerable for those with histamine sensitivity. However, individual responses can vary, and additional compounds in coffee, such as caffeine and chlorogenic acids, may also play a role in triggering symptoms.

As with any dietary consideration, individuals with histamine intolerance or MCAS should approach coffee consumption with caution and self-awareness. Consulting with a healthcare professional and conducting personal experiments can help determine if specialty coffee can be a part of a balanced and enjoyable diet without compromising health and well-being.

Remember, every individual's experience is unique, and finding the right balance between pleasure and well-being is essential. By understanding the scientific evidence and exploring personal tolerances, including options like Swiss Processed™ Decaf coffee, coffee enthusiasts with histamine intolerance or MCAS can embark on a journey to savor the aroma and flavors of specialty coffee while keeping health a top priority.

Glossary of Terms

Discover General Warfield’s Coffee Today!

Explore our range of low-acid, specialty grade coffees that might just be the perfect fit for those with sensitive palates.

Visit our website to learn more and start your journey towards enjoying coffee again.

References:

1. Maintz, L.; Novak, N. (2007). "Histamine and histamine intolerance". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 85 (5): 1185–96. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1185. PMID 17490952

2. Donatella Restuccia ¹, U Gianfranco Spizzirri ², Ortensia I Parisi ², Giuseppe Cirillo ², Nevio Picci 2 "Brewing effect on levels of biogenic amines in different coffee samples as determined by LC-UV" PubMed. PMID: 25577063  - DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.134

3. Shah Saud¹ and Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah² "Relationship between the Chemical Composition and the Biological Functions of Coffee" PubMed. Published online 2021 Dec 16. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247634 Ryszard - PMID: 34946716  

 

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article and/or video is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult with a healthcare professional for personalized medical advice and treatment. The authors and publishers are not responsible for any adverse effects or consequences resulting from the use of any suggestions, products, or procedures discussed in this article and/or video.